Most numbers match between the editions, and the ones that don't are hard to find written down. Every row below comes from the games themselves: Java's values from the 26.3 server jar, Bedrock's from its vanilla packs, with every Bedrock item and potion checked on a Bedrock Dedicated Server. The same Bedrock data is behind the Bedrock switch on the loot odds, biome, brewing, villager trade, recipe, loot table and structure pages.
The chance here is that a mob drops at least one of the item when a player kills it without Looting. Drops that need a special situation, like a frog eating a magma cube, are left out.
Bedrock decides spawns per mob with biome tags, Java per biome with a list. Comparing the two biome by biome, the biggest gap is on Bedrock's rivers, frozen rivers and snowy plains, which spawn no zombies, skeletons, creepers, spiders, endermen or witches at all. Strays take the skeleton's place in Bedrock's frozen biomes. Phantoms aren't compared: Java spawns them from sleeplessness, not from a biome.
Bedrock has 7 brewing recipes Java doesn't, all routes into Weakness, and Java has none Bedrock lacks. Splash, lingering and tipped arrow durations follow the same rules on both: full, a quarter and an eighth of the potion.
Potions that last a different time:
397 offers exist in both editions with the same items, and 3 of them differ in price or stock. The rest match, down to which maps, banners and boats a villager offers in each biome.
Bedrock folds several Java structures into one search, so /locate structure there finds the nearest of any of them. Nether Fossil can't be located at all on Bedrock, because it's placed as a feature rather than a structure.
Java defines block drops as data, 1,201 block loot tables in all. Bedrock has 99, all for recent blocks like wool and concrete slabs; the rest are built into the game, so a Bedrock add-on can't change most block drops the way a Java data pack can.
Bedrock's recipe files also have a few things Java can't craft: Empty Locator Map from Compass and Paper; Empty Locator Map from Map and Compass; 9 String from Cobweb. The Empty Locator Map is a Bedrock-only item: Java maps show your position without one. Going the other way isn't measurable from files, since Bedrock builds some older recipes like beds and wooden buttons into the game itself.
Mostly. Of the mobs both editions give a loot table, 9 drop something differently. Fish are the clearest case: on Java they drop bone meal 5% of the time, on Bedrock a bone 25% of the time. Polar bears drop both fish on Bedrock where Java picks one, and pillagers drop arrows only on Bedrock.
Almost. 397 offers appear in both editions and only 3 differ. A farmer sells cake for 1 emerald on Bedrock and 3 on Java, and the novice weaponsmith's enchanted iron sword can be bought 3 times before a restock on Bedrock against 12 on Java.
Nearly all do. Extended Poison and extended Regeneration last 2:00 on Bedrock and 1:30 on Java, and level II Poison is a fraction of a second longer. Splash potions keep the full duration on both, lingering potions a quarter and tipped arrows an eighth; we measured those on a Bedrock server.
Only on Bedrock. A fermented spider eye turns Strength (any version), Awkward, Mundane and Thick potions into Weakness on Bedrock. Java only brews Weakness from a water bottle.
